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Science Coronavirus Coverage How antivirals may change the course of the pandemic. An assembly was held to deliberate on the answer to be given to the Lacedaemlonians. The true motives which actuated Pericles in resisting these demands are given by Thucydides in the speech which he puts into his mouth on the occasion 1. Pericles judged rightly in telling the Athenians that the demands made of them, especially that about Megara, which was most insisted on, were mere pretexts by which the Lacedaemonians were trying the spirit and resolution of the Athenians; and that in that point of view, involving the whole principle of submission to Sparta, it became of the utmost importance not to yield.
He pointed out the advantages which Athens, as the head of a compact dominion, possessed over a disjointed league like that of the Peloponnesians, which, moreover, had not at its immediate command the resources necessary for carrying on the war, and would find the greatest difficulty in raising them ; showed how impossible it was that the Peloponesians should be able to cope with the Athenians by sea, and how utterly fruitless their attack would be while Athens remained mistress of the sea.
The course which he recommended therefore was, that the Athenians should not attempt to defend their territory when invaded, but retire within the city, and devote all their attention to securing the strength and efficiency of their navy, with which they could make severe retaliations on the territories of their enemies; since a victor by land would be of no service, and defeat would immediately be followed by the revolt of their subject allies.
He warned them, however, that they must be content with defending what they already possessed, and must not attempt to extend their dominion. War, he bade them observe, could not be avoided; and they would the iss feel the ill effects of it, if they met their antagonists with alacrity.
At his suggestion the Athenians gave for answer to the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, that they would rescind the decree against Megara if the Lacedaemonians would cease to exclude strangers from intercourse with their citizens; that they would leave their allies independent if they were so at the conclusion of the treaty, and if Sparta would grant real independence to her allies; and that they were still willing to submit their differences to arbitration.
In one sense, indeed, Pericles may be looked upon as the author of the Peloponnesian war, inasmuch as it was mainly his enlightened policy which had raised Athens to that degree of power which produced in the Lacedaemonians the jealousy and alarm which Thucydides 1. How accurately Pericles had ealculated the resources of Athens, and how wisely he had discerned her true policy in the war, was rendered manifest by the spirited struggle which she maintained even when the Peloponnesians were supplied with Persian gold, and by the irreparable disasters into which she was plunged by her departure from the policy enjoined by Pericles.
In the spring of B. Both sides prepared with vigour for hostilities ; and a Peloponnesian army having assembled at the isthmus, another embassy was sent to the Athenians by Archidamus to see if they were disposed to yield. In accordance with a decree which Pericles had had passed, that no herald or embassy should be received after the Lacedaemonians had taken the field, the ambassador, Melesippus, was not suffered to enter the city.
Pericles, suspecting that Archidamus in his invasion might leave his property untouched, either out of private friendship, or by the direction of the Peloponnesians, in order to excite odium against him, leclared in an assembly of the people that if his lands were left unravaged, he would give them up to be the property of the state Thuc. He took the opportunity at the same time of giving the Athenians an account of the resources they had at their command.
Acting upon his advice they conveyed their moveable property into the city, transporting their cattle and beasts of burden to Euboea. When the Peloponnesian army advanced desolating Attica, the Athenians were clamorous to be led out against the enemy, and were angry with Pericles because he steadily adhered to the policy he had recommended. He would hold no assembly or meeting of any kind. He, however, kept close guard on the walls, and sent out cavalry to protect the lands near the city.
While the Peloponnesian army was in Attica, a fleet of ships was sent round Peloponnesus. The foresight of Pericles may probably be traced in the setting apart talents, and of the best sailing galleys of the year, to be employed only in case of an attack being made on Athens by sea. Any one proposing to appropriate them to any other purpose was to suffer death. Anotller fleet of thirty ships was sent along the coasts of Locris and Euboea: and in this same summer the population of Aegina was expelled, and Athenian colonists sent to take possession of the island.
An alliance was also entered into with Sitalces, king of Thrace. In the autumn Pericles in person led an army into Megaris, and ravaged most of the country. The decree against Megara before spoken of enacted that the Athenian generals on entering office should swear to invade Megaris twice a year Plut. In the winter B.
In the summer of the next year, when the Peloponnesians invaded Attica, Pericles pursued the same policy as before. In this summer the plague made its appearance in Athens Thuc. An armament of ships Thuc.
An eclipse of the sun which happened just before the fleet set sail afforded Pericles an opportunity of applying the astronomical knowledge which he had derived from Anaxagoras in quieting the alarm which it occasioned. The Athenians, being exposed to the devastation of the war and the plague at the same time, not unnaturally began to turn their thoughts to peace, and looked upon Pericles as the author of all their distresses, inasmuch as he had persuaded them to go to war.
Pericles was unable to prevent the sending of an embassy to Sparta, with proposals for peace. It was however fruitless. Pericles then called an assembly , and endeavoured to bring the people to a better mind; set forth the grounds they had for hoping for success; pointed out the unreasonableness of being cast down and diverted from a course of action deliberately taken up by an unforeseen accident like that of the plague, and especially the injustice of holding him in any way responsible for the hardships they were suffering on account of it.
It was impossible now to retreat ; their empire must be defended at any sacrifice, for it was perilous to abandon it Thuc. Though his speech to some extent allayed the public ferment, it did not remove from their minds the irritation they felt.
Clecn appears among his foremost enemies. According to Plutarch a decree was passed that Pericles should be deprived of his command and pay a fine, the amount of which was variously stated. Thucvdides merely says that he was fined. The ill feeling of the people having found this vent, Pericles soon resumed his accustomed sway, and was again elected one of the generals for the ensuing year.
The military operations of B. The plague carried off most of his near connections. His son Xanthippus, a profligate and undutiful youth, his sister, and most of his intimate friends died of it. Still Pericles maintained unmoved his calm bearing and philosophic composure, and did not even attend the funeral rites of those who were carried off.
At last his only surviving legitimate son, Paralus, a youth of greater promise than his brother, fell a victim. The firmness of Pericles then at last gave way; as he placed the funeral garland on the head of the lifeless youth he burst into tears and sobbed aloud. He had one son remaining, his child by Aspasia. Either by a repeal of the law respecting legitimacy which he himself had before got passed, or by a special vote, he was allowed to enrol this son in his own tribe and give him his own name.
In the autumn of B. Theophrastus preserved a story, that he allowed the women who attended him to hang an amulet round his neck, which he showed to a friend to indicate the extremity to which sickness had reduced him, when he could submit to such a piece of superstition.
When at the point of death, as his friends were gathered round his bed, recalling his virtues and successes and enumerating his triumphs in the course of his military career, in which he was equally remarkable for his prudence 2 and his courage, he had erected as many as nine trophies , overhearing their remarks, he said that they had forgotten his greatest praise: that no Athenian through his means had been made to put on mourning.
He survived the commencement of the war two years and six months Thuc. His death was an irreparable loss to Athens. The policy he had laid down for the guidance of his fellow-citizens was soon departed from; and those who came after him being far inferior to him in personal abilities and merit and more on a level with each other, in their eagerness to assume the reins of the state, betook themselves to unworthy modes of securing popular favour, and, so far from checking the wrong inclinations of the people, fostered and encouraged them, while the operations of the forces abroad and the counsels of the people at home were weakened by division and strife Thuc.
The name of the wife of Pericles is not mentioned. She had been the wife of Hipponicus, by whom she was the mother of Callias. She lived unhappily with Pericles, and a divorce took place by mutual consent, when Pericles connected himself with Aspasia by a tie as close as the law allowed.
His union with her continued in uninterrupted harmony till his death. It is possible enough that Aspasia occasioned the alienation of Pericles from his wife; but at the same time it appears that she had been divorced by her former husband likewise. By Aspasia Pericles had one son, who bore his name. Of his strict probity he left the decisive proof in the fact that at his death he was found not to have added a single drachma to his hereditary property.
Cicero Cic. It is not unlikely that he was deceived by some spurious productions bearing his name. He mentions the tomb of Pericles at Athens de Fin.
It was on the way to the Academy Paus. There was also a statue of him at Athens Paus. Pericles ; Thirlwall, Hist. As the purpose to which the sum had been applied was tolerably well understood, the statenent was allowed to pass without question Aristoph.
It was probably this incident which gave rise to the story which Plutarch found in several writers, that Pericles, for the purpose of postponing the Peloponnesian war, which he perceived to be inevitable, sent ten talents yearly to Sparta, with which he bribed the most influential persons, and so kept the Spartans quiet; a statement which, though probably incorrect, is worth noting, as indicating a belief that the war was at any rate not hurried on by Pericles out of private motives.
Pacu'vius and Q. Perdiccas Ii. Grammarians named Ptolemy Ptolemaeus. Perdiccas Iii. This text is part of: Greek and Roman Materials. View text chunked by: first letter : entry entry.
Table of Contents: A. P Paca'rius , De'cimus - M. Pacu'vius - Pagondas. Pagondas - Palla'ntia. Palla'ntias - Pana'retus , Matthaeus. Pa'ncrates - Pantaleon , St. Pantauchus - Parcae. Pardus , Gregorius - Parysatis or Parysatis Ochus. Parysatis - Patri'cius.
Patri'cius - Paulus. Paulus - Pausa'nias. Pausa'nias - Pe'gasus. Peiraeus - Pelarge. Pelasga - Perdiccas I. Peregri'nus Pro'teus. Peregri'nus , L. Pe'riphas - Peti'llius Rufus. Petines - Petrus. Phaethon - Pharasmanes. Pharasmanes - Phe'mius. Phe'mius - Michael Phile. Phi'leas - Philippus. Philon - Philo'stratus. Philo'stratus - Philus. Philus - Phorbas. Phorbas - Phrynnis.
Phrynon - Pi'erus. Pietas - Piso. Piso - Plaeto'rius. Plaeto'rius - Pleistae'netus. Pleistarchus - Podalei'rius. Pollia'nus - Polyaenus. Polyanthes - Poly'critus. Poly'critus - Polyme'la. Polymestor - Pompeia'nus , Tib. Pompeia'nus , Clau'dius Quintia'nus - Pompeius Vindullus.
Pompeius Vopiscus - Pontia'nus. Pontia'nus - Po'rcius Latro. Po'rcius Septi'mius - Po'stumus , A'ctius. Po'stumus , Agrippa - Pra'xias. Praxi'damas - Priscus , Fulci'nius.
Priscus , Helvi'dius - Procles. Procles - Pro'machus. Proma'thides - Psammis. Psammi'tichus - III. Although Leonidas lost the battle, his death at Thermopylae was seen as a heroic sacrifice because he sent most Sparta was a warrior society in ancient Greece that reached the height of its power after defeating rival city-state Athens in the Peloponnesian War B.
Spartan culture was centered on loyalty to the state and military service. At age 7, Spartan boys entered a Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Recommended for you. Peloponnesian War. Last Stand of the The Kill Zone. Massive Stones Moved to Build Monuments. Hannibal's Bloody Tactics. Peloponnesian War The two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta, went to war with each other from to B.
Plato The Athenian philosopher Plato c. Thucydides One of the greatest ancient historians, Thucydides c. Socrates Viewed by many as the founding figure of Western philosophy, Socrates B. Ancient Greek Art In around B. Leonidas Leonidas c.
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